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To improve this efficiency, the concept of multi-junction solar cells has been adopted.
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Till now, we have depended on single-junction solar cells that give an efficiency of about 20 per cent. Researchers are working hard and have come up with different solar structures and technologies to increase the efficiency of solar cells. Abdul Kalam said that, we are not utilising solar energy efficiently. 2: Block diagram of a solar system Multi-junction structure of a solar cellĪ few years ago, late Dr A.P.J. The layer’s thickness should be designed for better efficiency. AR layer usually has NaOH surface texturation with several tiny pyramids. Solar panels may have anti-reflective (AR) coating over the surface to produce more energy and increase efficiency. Sometimes, a solid copper foundation is laid over the solar panel that gives it massive strength. The battery gets damaged if a proper power-conditioning circuit is not used. The power-conditioning block gives regulated stable electricity that is stored in the battery or a battery bank. The solar panel generates unstable or fluctuating electricity and, thus, has to be regulated. 2, the sunlight concentrator focuses sunlight on a small part and tracks the Sun throughout the day for higher efficiency. 1: Working principle of a solar cellĪs shown in Fig.
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The electrons have negative charge and, hence, get attracted by p-type material (positive terminal), travel through the external load (device) and create a flow of electrons (current), as shown in Fig. If a wire is connected from the cathode (n-type material) to the anode (p-type material), electrons flow through the wire.
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These free electrons and holes have enough energy to jump out of the depletion zone. Photons are absorbed in depletion regions and generate electron-hole pairs. These photons (sunlight) are applied on the depletion region. Light travels in the form of packets of energy called photons. Electrons and holes are not present inside the depletion layer. The depletion layer is made up of positive and negative ions. The depletion region is formed between n-type and p-type materials.
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The cells are made of a semiconductor material that is used in the form of p-n junctions.Ī solar cell consists of n-type (having electrons as a majority charge carrier) and p-type (having holes as a majority charge carrier) semiconductor materials. These electrons have enough energy to drive the connected device or load. To generate electricity from a solar cell, a material is required that emits electrons and is raised to a higher energy state by the absorption of light. Basic structure of a solar cell and its working principleĪ solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, works on the principle of photoelectric effect-ability of an object to emit electrons when light falls on it. The government of India too promotes it by providing remarkable subsidies. Solar energy is the best alternate energy source as it is renewable, easy to produce and saves the environment. This conversion is known as photovoltaic effect. A solar panel is made up of solar cells that convert solar energy (sunlight) to electricity.